Might makes right
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- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
"
There was a political edge to the attacks on Macmillan, who represented the left-wing of the Conservative Party, the so-called "one nation conservatism".[43] The "one nation conservatives" such as Macmillan were often disparaged as the "wets" by the so-called "drys" who represented the right-wing of the Conservative Party. In November 1984, Macmillan gave a much publicized speech in which he called the privatization plans of the Thatcher government “selling off the family silver”, which made him into a hate figure for the "dry" Conservatives.[43] Additionally, many people on the right-wing of the Conservative Party were passionately opposed to British membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) as the European Union (EU) was then called. Through Britain did not join the EEC until 1973, it was Macmillan who as a prime minister first applied to have Britain join the EEC in July 1961, which was ended in January 1963 when President de Gaulle of France vetoed the British application. For many people on the British right, Macmillan is viewed as something alike to a traitor because of the 1961 application to join the EEC. In 1986, the Federation of Conservative Students in their magazine published a cover story with a photo of Macmillan from 1945 with the question "Guilty of War Crimes?"[48] The question was rhetorical as the article accepted Tolstoy's charges against Macmillan and sought to link his "one nation conservatism" with a policy of weakness towards the Soviet Union.”[48]
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-nation_conservatism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Tolstoy
"
Tolstoy has written of the forced repatriation of Soviet citizens and others during and after the Second World War. As a result, he was called by the defence as an expert witness at the 1986–88 trial of John Demjanjuk in Iz. In a letter to the Daily Telegraph (21 April 1988), Tolstoy said the trial and the court's procedures struck "at the most vital principles of natural justice". He condemned the use of especially bussed-in audiences, who were repeatedly permitted by Judge Levin, the judge of the trial, to boo and hiss at appropriate moments. He called Levin's conduct "an appalling travesty of every principle of equity", and said that it was "a show trial in every sense of the word", even being conducted in a theatre.[9]
In 1989 Lord Aldington, previously a British officer (chief-of-staff to General Charles Keightley), and a former chairman of the Conservative Party and of the Sun Alliance insurance company, commenced a libel action over allegations of war crimes made by Tolstoy in a pamphlet distributed by Nigel Watts, a man in dispute with Sun Alliance on an insurance matter,[10] entitled "War Crimes and the Wardenship of Winchester College".[11] Although Tolstoy was not the initial target of the libel action, he insisted in joining Watts as defendant because, Tolstoy later wrote, Watts was not a historian and so would have been unable to defend himself.[12] Tolstoy lost and was ordered to pay £2 million to Lord Aldington (£1.5 million in damages and £0.5 million in costs). This sum was over three times any previous award for libel.[13]
According to the historian Bob Moore, although the repatriations did occur, Tolstoy's intention was to minimise the culpability of the Cossacks for having sided with the Nazis, and in doing so he had undertaken manipulation of the sources and made "outrageous claims" that were exposed during the trial.[14]
Tolstoy delayed payment by appealing to fifteen courts in Britain and Europe. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the size of the penalty violated his right to freedom of expression.[15] Documents subsequently obtained from the Ministry of Defence suggested that, under Government instructions, files that could have had a bearing on the defence case might have been withdrawn from the Public Record Office and retained by the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office throughout the run-up to the trial and the trial itself.[16]
Tolstoy sought to appeal on the basis of new evidence which he claimed proved Aldington had perjured himself over the date of his departure from Austria in May 1945. This was ruled inadmissible at a hearing in the High Courts of Justice, from which the press and public were barred, and his application for an appeal was rejected.[17]
In July 1995 the European Court of Human Rights decided unanimously that the British government had violated Tolstoy's rights in respect of Article 10 of the Convention on Human Rights. It ordered the government to pay Tolstoy compensation of 40,000 Swiss francs and £70,000.[18] This decision referred only to the amount of the damages for libel awarded against him and did not overturn the verdict of the libel action. The Times commented:
"In its judgment yesterday in the case of Count Nikolai Tolstoy, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Britain in important respects, finding that the award of £1.5 million levelled against the Count by a jury in 1989 amounted to a violation of his freedom of expression. Parliament will find the implications of this decision difficult to ignore."[19]
Tolstoy refused to pay any libel damages while Lord Aldington was alive. It was not until 9 December 2000, two days after Aldington's death, that Tolstoy, under court order, was forced to pay £57,000 to Aldington's estate.[20]
A committed monarchist, Tolstoy is Chancellor of the International Monarchist League. In 1978 he was guest-of-honour at the Eldon League (founded by Neil Hamilton while a student at Cambridge), and appeared to respond to the Russian Tsarist toast "Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism" (also a motto of the League).[21] He was also chairman of the London-based Russian Monarchist League, and chaired their annual dinner on 6 March 1986, when the guest-of-honour was the MP John Biggs-Davison. He was also in the chair for their Summer Dinner on 4 June 1987, at the Oxford and Cambridge Club in Pall Mall.
Tolstoy was a founding committee member (January 1989) of the now established War and Peace Ball, held annually in London, which raises funds for White Russian charities.[22] A member of the Royal Stuart Society since 1954, he is presently one of the vice-presidents.[23]
In October 1987 he was presented with the International Freedom Award by the United States Industrial Council Educational Foundation: "for his courageous search for the truth about the victims of totalitarianism and deceit."[3] In October 1991, Tolstoy joined a Conservative Monday Club delegation,[24] under the auspices of the club's Foreign Affairs Committee, and travelled to observe the war between Serbia and Croatia, the first British political delegation to observe that conflict.
The Conservative MPs Andrew Hunter, and Roger Knapman, then a junior minister in the Conservative government (and from 2002 to 2006 leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party), were also part of the delegation which, after going to the front lines in the Sisak region, was entertained by President Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian government in Zagreb.
On 13 October the group held a Press Conference at the Hotel Intercontinental in Zagreb, which apart from the media, was also attended by delegates from the French government. A report on the conflict was agreed and handed in to 10 Downing Street by Andrew Hunter.[citation needed]
Tolstoy has stood unsuccessfully for the Eurosceptic and populist United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) as a parliamentary candidate in four British general elections, having first been asked by UKIP founder Alan Sked in November 1996.[25] Tolstoy was subsequently UKIP's candidate for the Barnsley East by-election in 1996; where he received 2.1% of the vote,[26] and for Wantage in the 1997 (0.8%),[27] 2001 (1.9%)[27] and 2005 general elections (1.5%).[27] Tolstoy stood for UKIP in Witney at the 2010 general election – against David Cameron – and received 3.5% of the vote.[28]
In 2024 Tolstoy accepted Patronage of the Peel Club, a private member's group in Pall Mall, London.[29]
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy ... ationality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Europeanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism
"
The main drivers of Euroscepticism have been beliefs that integration undermines national sovereignty and the nation state,[7][8] that the EU is elitist and lacks democratic legitimacy and transparency,[7][8] that it is too bureaucratic and wasteful,[7][9][10] that it encourages high levels of immigration,[7] or perceptions that it is a neoliberal organisation serving the big business elite at the expense of the working class,[11] that it is responsible for austerity,[7] and drives privatization.[12]
Euroscepticism is found in groups across the political spectrum, both left-wing and right-wing, and is often found in populist parties.[13][7] Although they criticise the EU for many of the same reasons, Eurosceptic left-wing populists focus more on economic issues, such as the Euro area crisis and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,[12][14][15][16] while Eurosceptic right-wing populists focus more on nationalism and immigration, such as the 2015 European migrant crisis.[17] The rise in radical-right parties since the 2000s is strongly linked to a rise in Euroscepticism.[18]
Eurobarometer surveys of EU citizens show that trust in the EU and its institutions declined strongly from 2007 to 2015.[19] In that period, it was consistently below 50%.[20] A 2009 survey showed that support for EU membership was lowest in the United Kingdom (UK), Latvia, and Hungary.[21] By 2016, the countries viewing the EU most unfavourably were the UK, Greece, France, and Spain.[22] The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum resulted in a 51.9% vote in favour of leaving the EU (Brexit), a decision that came into effect on 31 January 2020.
Since 2015, trust in the EU has risen in most EU countries as a result of falling unemployment rates and the end of the migrant crisis.[23] A post-2019 election Eurobarometer survey showed that 68% of citizens support the EU, the highest level since 1983; however, sentiment that things are not going in the right direction in the EU had increased to 50%.[24] Trust in the EU had increased significantly at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with levels varying across member states.[25][26]
In March 2025, support for the European Union reached an all-time high among citizens of EU members states.[27] A Eurobarometer poll conducted in January and February found that 74% of EU citizens believe their country’s membership in the bloc is beneficial, the highest level recorded since the question was first introduced in 1983.[28] The decline in Euroscepticism has been attributed to growing security concerns amid ongoing geopolitical instability, including the continuation of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and renewed transatlantic tensions under Donald Trump, who has been critical of NATO and the European Union.[27][29]
"
"
The main reasons for Euroscepticism include beliefs that:
integration undermines national sovereignty and the nation state;[7][8]
the EU is elitist and lacks democratic legitimacy and transparency;[7][8]
the EU is too bureaucratic and wasteful;[7][9][10]
it encourages high levels of immigration;[7]
it is a neoliberal organisation serving the big business elite at the expense of the working class;[11]
the EU is responsible for austerity;[7]
the EU is responsible for driving privatization.[12]
"
https://www.economist.com/the-economist ... ureaucrats
"
u/Wise_Picture_4552 avatar
Wise_Picture_4552
•
2y ago
MEPs dont vote for the EU president thought. Thats the point.
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president.
It is not democratic.
American system based on electoral college votes the president based on the mandate the people voted for (eg. if the election result for a state shows the people voted for Biden then the electoral delegates vote for Biden, they never go rogue and vote for a banker or oil company executive who was never voted for by any citizen)
1
u/Bunny_Stats avatar
Bunny_Stats
•
2y ago
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president. It is not democratic.
First, the European Council is formed of delegates picked by the democratically elected governments in each country, and they only get to nominate an EU President, they then require a require a majority of the democratically elected MEPs to vote for them.
In every instance you bring up, when you follow the chain you find a democratically elected person making the decision, so you're talking absolute nonsense with claiming it isn't democratic. If you want to say it'd be a better system if the EU President was directly elected, then sure, that's a valid argument, but this whole "it's not democratic" is categorically bullshit, so I'm done pretending you have anything valid to say.
2
1
u/Bunny_Stats avatar
Bunny_Stats
•
2y ago
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president. It is not democratic.
First, the European Council is formed of delegates picked by the democratically elected governments in each country, and they only get to nominate an EU President, they then require a require a majority of the democratically elected MEPs to vote for them.
In every instance you bring up, when you follow the chain you find a democratically elected person making the decision, so you're talking absolute nonsense with claiming it isn't democratic. If you want to say it'd be a better system if the EU President was directly elected, then sure, that's a valid argument, but this whole "it's not democratic" is categorically bullshit, so I'm done pretending you have anything valid to say.
2
"
Constant argumentativeness online.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopi ... back-hard/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuky%C5%AB-ha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform
"
Initiated by the Guangxu Emperor, it was led by reform-minded scholars, including Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Over a period of roughly 100 days, the Guangxu Emperor enacted a series of imperial edicts with various goals in mind. These mandates aimed to restructure government organization, reform the civil service examination system, modernize the army, promote industrial and education progress, and adopt elements of constitutional governance.[1]
Some of these measures were implemented, such as the establishment of the Imperial University of Peking (now Peking University). However, most faced resistance from conservative factions. While Empress Dowager Cixi[2] supported principles of the reform, she feared that sudden implementation, without bureaucratic support, would be disruptive and that the Japanese and other foreign powers would take advantage of any weakness.[3] Thus, on September 21, 1898, Empress Dowager Cixi with her allies staged a coup d’état, forcing the emperor under house arrest and further executing six of the leading reformers. She later backed the late Qing reforms after the invasions of the Eight-Nation Alliance.
On September 21 (August 6) at dawn, Empress Dowager Cixi took control of state affairs, declared martial law, halted railway traffic, placed the emperor under house arrest in Hanyuan Hall, abolished the reform decrees, and ordered the arrest of reformers. She then issued an edict in the emperor’s name, declaring that the emperor, unable to cope with burdensome government affairs, had requested Cixi to resume the regency.
Imperial Edict, August 6, Guangxu 24 (1898):
The Empire is being beset with grave difficulties, and manifold affairs require diligent attention. I (The Emperor) have labored unceasingly day and night, attending to the myriad duties of state with utmost caution and devotion. Yet, despite my vigilance, I am still often troubled by the excessive burdens.
Recollecting that since the Tongzhi (the former emperor) reign, the Empress Dowager Cixi twice assumed the regency and administered the government, guiding the realm through critical times with perfection and without fault. Considering the supreme importance of the ancestral dynasty, I have repeatedly and earnestly implored the Dowager to resume the direction of affairs. Graciously, She has condescended to accede to my request. This is indeed the great fortune of all subjects nationwide.
From this day forth, state business shall be conducted in the side hall under the Dowager’s direction. On the 8th day of this (lunar) month, I shall lead the princes and ministers to the Qinzheng Hall to perform the prescribed rites. All relevant offices are hereby ordered to prepare reverently and with due propriety. Respect this.
That day, the Commander of the Metropolitan Guards surrounded the South Seas Guildhall to arrest Kang Youwei, but did not find him; instead they captured his brother Kang Guangren and disciples Cheng Dazhang and Qian Weiji. Later they searched the residence of Guangdong official Zhang Yinhuan, arrested him but did not find Kang.
On September 24 (August 9), Imperial Commissioner Gangyi began arresting reformers. Yang Rui and Lin Xu were seized that day, while Liu Guangdi surrendered himself. Yang Shenxiu, after questioning Cixi about deposing the emperor, was arrested at the Wenxi Guildhall.
On September 25 (August 10), Tan Sitong was captured at the Liuyang Guildhall. On the same day, Cixi issued another edict in the emperor’s name claiming that Guangxu was ill, laying the groundwork for both the regency and plans to depose him, while summoning doctors to the palace.
Imperial Edict to the Grand Council:
Since the fourth month of this year, I (The Emperor) have repeatedly suffered indisposition. Despite prolonged treatment, little improvement has been seen. If there are men of proven skill in medicine, whether within or outside the capital, officials are to recommend them sincerely for my treatment. Those residing in the provinces are to be dispatched immediately to the capital, without the slightest delay. Respect this.
This aroused the concern of Britain, Japan, and other powers, who questioned the truth of the emperor’s illness and suspected danger to his life. They demanded access to treat him. Afterwards, a French legation doctor examined Guangxu and publicly concluded that his ailments stemmed from weakness, exposing Cixi’s fabrication.
On September 28 (August 13), the court issued an edict condemning six reform leaders—Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Yang Shenxiu, and Kang Guangren—to immediate execution without trial. They were executed by beheading the same day and became known as the "Six Gentlemen" of the Reform. As ordered, Gangyi supervised the execution.
Imperial Edict, August 13, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Kang Youwei, harboring treacherous designs, has gathered factions and formed unlawful associations. His crimes are most heinous and admit of no pardon. Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi have conspired together, assisting one another in their wickedness; their guilt is manifest and cannot be excused.
Except for Zhang Yinhuan, who is not of Kang’s faction and shall be held in custody awaiting further disposition, and Xu Zhijing, who shall remain under guard pending interrogation, all the aforementioned six—Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi—are hereby sentenced to immediate execution. Gangyi is commanded to supervise the execution, and the Metropolitan Commandant Chongli is ordered to deploy sufficient troops to maintain order.
Let this decree be known and obeyed. Respect this.
Earlier that day, court official Yi Gu submitted a memorial urging immediate punishment of the reformers, which scholars believe triggered the execution of the Six Gentlemen.
Memorial by Yi Gu, Assistant Director of the Imperial Academy, August 13, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Since the rebel Kang Youwei and his followers rely on foreign support, the law must act swiftly lest leniency embolden them. It is most urgent that sentence be rendered without delay, thereby upholding the majesty of the law and forestalling foreign interference. Prolonged deliberation would only provide opportunity for external powers to intercede, leaving the law powerless and the state dishonored. I therefore most earnestly implore a prompt and resolute judgment, so that the conspiracy may be extinguished and discipline restored.
On September 29 (August 14), an edict was issued under the emperor’s name explaining the crackdown, alleging that reformers plotted to seize the Summer Palace and kidnap Cixi and the emperor. It justified executing the six without trial to avoid wider implication.
Imperial Edict, August 14, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Recently, the Court has sought diligently to strengthen the state and to pursue reform, all for the preservation of the dynasty and the welfare of the people. Day and night I (The Emperor) have been anxious and vigilant. Unexpectedly, the junior official Kang Youwei has propagated pernicious doctrines, deceiving the populace and gathering a faction of disloyal followers. Under the pretext of reform, they have harbored rebellious intent.
It has even come to pass that these conspirators plotted to surround the Summer Palace and to seize and coerce the Empress Dowager and myself. Fortunately, the plot was uncovered and foiled. Furthermore, they established the so-called “Protect the Nation Society,” declaring loyalty to China but not to the Dynasty, a doctrine most disloyal and outrageous.
Kang Youwei, the principal instigator, is at large. All governors-general and governors are commanded to pursue him with utmost rigor. Liang Qichao, his accomplice, is likewise to be apprehended and punished. His brother Kang Guangren, with Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi, conspired in these seditious designs. Their crimes are grave beyond pardon. After full consideration, I decreed yesterday that these six be executed forthwith, lest delay bring untoward consequences and wider implication.
This affair being of extraordinary seriousness, it is necessary to proclaim to the realm. Kang Youwei’s guilt is boundless and he shall not escape retribution. Those who were misled into temporary complicity shall not be pursued further, to manifest my clemency. Henceforth, all officials must take warning from this case, uphold orthodoxy, and assist in overcoming the crisis.
All measures of self-strengthening that benefit the people and the state must not be abandoned. Those already enacted shall be firmly carried out; those not yet begun shall be progressively advanced. Upon this I place my high expectations. Respect this.
The coup ended the "Hundred Days’ Reform" after only 103 days. All new policies were repealed except the founding of Peking University. The immediate cause was linked to the so-called "secret edict" affair attributed to Kang Youwei. With her legitimacy questioned, Cixi soon sought to depose the emperor and install a new heir in the "Ji-hai succession" of 1899.
Among the reformers, Kang Youwei had already fled, Liang Qichao escaped into the Japanese legation, while dozens were arrested. In addition to the Six Gentlemen executed in Beijing, Xu Zhijing was sentenced to life imprisonment (released after the Boxer Rebellion), and Zhang Yinhuan was exiled to Xinjiang, where he was executed in 1900.
Historians note that Cixi had intelligence on the reformers’ plans even while at the Summer Palace. The key informant who betrayed the emperor’s faction was most likely Yang Chongyi, whereas Yuan Shikai merely acted to protect himself, not as the decisive betrayer.
Scholar Yun Yuding in his Records of the Chongling analyzed the coup as follows—
After the loss of Liaodong in the Sino-Japanese War, the emperor, indignant at foreign aggression, sought to reform governance to make the nation strong. Yet senior ministers were cowardly and incompetent. Kang Youwei, having memorialized the throne repeatedly, was known to the emperor. In April 1898, after officials Zhang Baixi and Xu Zhijing recommended him, Kang was summoned and spoke of Japan’s reforms, delighting the emperor. … He promoted reformers Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, and Lin Xu as "the Four Talents," but rumors spread. Censors Yang Chongyi and Pang Hongshu secretly memorialized Prince Qing, requesting Cixi to resume power. On August 4, the emperor visited the palace gates to pay respects, but Cixi had already entered Beijing by a side gate. She seized memorials, confronted the emperor, and declared him unfit. She announced she would govern again due to his illness, reversing all reforms.
The executions of Tan, Yang, Liu, Lin, and Kang Guangren were hastened by censor Huang Guijin, who memorialized that their crimes were evident and needed no trial, allegedly to prevent the emperor’s involvement being exposed. Thereafter officials feared reform like a tiger and avoided it.
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Sheikh_Hasina
"
His judgement ruled:[53]
[Hasina's conduct] demonstrates a persistent corruption mindset rooted in entitlement, unchecked power, and a greedy eye for public property. Treating public land as a private asset, she directed her greedy eye toward state resources and manipulated official procedures to benefit herself and her close relatives.
Hasina criticized the interim government of Muhammed Yunus by saying Hindus were allegedly being attacked, as well as criticizing alleged judicial impartiality. She issued a statement that read:[71] "They are biased and politically motivated. In their distasteful call for the death penalty, they reveal the brazen and murderous intent of extremist figures within the interim government to remove Bangladesh's last elected prime minister, and to nullify the Awami League as a political force." Her Awami League called for a countrywide shutdown that day.[72]
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) leader Salahuddin Ahmed spoke from DU and said that the punishment was "less than the gravity of the crimes" and that the "judgment proves that no matter how powerful a fascist or autocrat becomes, they will one day have to stand in the dock," while calling for other related cases to also result in such judgments."[5]
"
She is a Hindutva plant.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/3 ... ional-vote
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crybully
Added in 10 hours 18 minutes 14 seconds:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnite_Wars
The winners are almost always glorified but are also usually not preferable, from my assessment at least.
I almost always, if not always, associate myself and link much more to the groups that supposedly end up facing against the ones which seem to get the most press.
Added in 7 minutes 25 seconds:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ ... us.tif.jpg
There was a political edge to the attacks on Macmillan, who represented the left-wing of the Conservative Party, the so-called "one nation conservatism".[43] The "one nation conservatives" such as Macmillan were often disparaged as the "wets" by the so-called "drys" who represented the right-wing of the Conservative Party. In November 1984, Macmillan gave a much publicized speech in which he called the privatization plans of the Thatcher government “selling off the family silver”, which made him into a hate figure for the "dry" Conservatives.[43] Additionally, many people on the right-wing of the Conservative Party were passionately opposed to British membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) as the European Union (EU) was then called. Through Britain did not join the EEC until 1973, it was Macmillan who as a prime minister first applied to have Britain join the EEC in July 1961, which was ended in January 1963 when President de Gaulle of France vetoed the British application. For many people on the British right, Macmillan is viewed as something alike to a traitor because of the 1961 application to join the EEC. In 1986, the Federation of Conservative Students in their magazine published a cover story with a photo of Macmillan from 1945 with the question "Guilty of War Crimes?"[48] The question was rhetorical as the article accepted Tolstoy's charges against Macmillan and sought to link his "one nation conservatism" with a policy of weakness towards the Soviet Union.”[48]
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-nation_conservatism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Tolstoy
"
Tolstoy has written of the forced repatriation of Soviet citizens and others during and after the Second World War. As a result, he was called by the defence as an expert witness at the 1986–88 trial of John Demjanjuk in Iz. In a letter to the Daily Telegraph (21 April 1988), Tolstoy said the trial and the court's procedures struck "at the most vital principles of natural justice". He condemned the use of especially bussed-in audiences, who were repeatedly permitted by Judge Levin, the judge of the trial, to boo and hiss at appropriate moments. He called Levin's conduct "an appalling travesty of every principle of equity", and said that it was "a show trial in every sense of the word", even being conducted in a theatre.[9]
In 1989 Lord Aldington, previously a British officer (chief-of-staff to General Charles Keightley), and a former chairman of the Conservative Party and of the Sun Alliance insurance company, commenced a libel action over allegations of war crimes made by Tolstoy in a pamphlet distributed by Nigel Watts, a man in dispute with Sun Alliance on an insurance matter,[10] entitled "War Crimes and the Wardenship of Winchester College".[11] Although Tolstoy was not the initial target of the libel action, he insisted in joining Watts as defendant because, Tolstoy later wrote, Watts was not a historian and so would have been unable to defend himself.[12] Tolstoy lost and was ordered to pay £2 million to Lord Aldington (£1.5 million in damages and £0.5 million in costs). This sum was over three times any previous award for libel.[13]
According to the historian Bob Moore, although the repatriations did occur, Tolstoy's intention was to minimise the culpability of the Cossacks for having sided with the Nazis, and in doing so he had undertaken manipulation of the sources and made "outrageous claims" that were exposed during the trial.[14]
Tolstoy delayed payment by appealing to fifteen courts in Britain and Europe. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the size of the penalty violated his right to freedom of expression.[15] Documents subsequently obtained from the Ministry of Defence suggested that, under Government instructions, files that could have had a bearing on the defence case might have been withdrawn from the Public Record Office and retained by the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office throughout the run-up to the trial and the trial itself.[16]
Tolstoy sought to appeal on the basis of new evidence which he claimed proved Aldington had perjured himself over the date of his departure from Austria in May 1945. This was ruled inadmissible at a hearing in the High Courts of Justice, from which the press and public were barred, and his application for an appeal was rejected.[17]
In July 1995 the European Court of Human Rights decided unanimously that the British government had violated Tolstoy's rights in respect of Article 10 of the Convention on Human Rights. It ordered the government to pay Tolstoy compensation of 40,000 Swiss francs and £70,000.[18] This decision referred only to the amount of the damages for libel awarded against him and did not overturn the verdict of the libel action. The Times commented:
"In its judgment yesterday in the case of Count Nikolai Tolstoy, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Britain in important respects, finding that the award of £1.5 million levelled against the Count by a jury in 1989 amounted to a violation of his freedom of expression. Parliament will find the implications of this decision difficult to ignore."[19]
Tolstoy refused to pay any libel damages while Lord Aldington was alive. It was not until 9 December 2000, two days after Aldington's death, that Tolstoy, under court order, was forced to pay £57,000 to Aldington's estate.[20]
A committed monarchist, Tolstoy is Chancellor of the International Monarchist League. In 1978 he was guest-of-honour at the Eldon League (founded by Neil Hamilton while a student at Cambridge), and appeared to respond to the Russian Tsarist toast "Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism" (also a motto of the League).[21] He was also chairman of the London-based Russian Monarchist League, and chaired their annual dinner on 6 March 1986, when the guest-of-honour was the MP John Biggs-Davison. He was also in the chair for their Summer Dinner on 4 June 1987, at the Oxford and Cambridge Club in Pall Mall.
Tolstoy was a founding committee member (January 1989) of the now established War and Peace Ball, held annually in London, which raises funds for White Russian charities.[22] A member of the Royal Stuart Society since 1954, he is presently one of the vice-presidents.[23]
In October 1987 he was presented with the International Freedom Award by the United States Industrial Council Educational Foundation: "for his courageous search for the truth about the victims of totalitarianism and deceit."[3] In October 1991, Tolstoy joined a Conservative Monday Club delegation,[24] under the auspices of the club's Foreign Affairs Committee, and travelled to observe the war between Serbia and Croatia, the first British political delegation to observe that conflict.
The Conservative MPs Andrew Hunter, and Roger Knapman, then a junior minister in the Conservative government (and from 2002 to 2006 leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party), were also part of the delegation which, after going to the front lines in the Sisak region, was entertained by President Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian government in Zagreb.
On 13 October the group held a Press Conference at the Hotel Intercontinental in Zagreb, which apart from the media, was also attended by delegates from the French government. A report on the conflict was agreed and handed in to 10 Downing Street by Andrew Hunter.[citation needed]
Tolstoy has stood unsuccessfully for the Eurosceptic and populist United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) as a parliamentary candidate in four British general elections, having first been asked by UKIP founder Alan Sked in November 1996.[25] Tolstoy was subsequently UKIP's candidate for the Barnsley East by-election in 1996; where he received 2.1% of the vote,[26] and for Wantage in the 1997 (0.8%),[27] 2001 (1.9%)[27] and 2005 general elections (1.5%).[27] Tolstoy stood for UKIP in Witney at the 2010 general election – against David Cameron – and received 3.5% of the vote.[28]
In 2024 Tolstoy accepted Patronage of the Peel Club, a private member's group in Pall Mall, London.[29]
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy ... ationality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Europeanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism
"
The main drivers of Euroscepticism have been beliefs that integration undermines national sovereignty and the nation state,[7][8] that the EU is elitist and lacks democratic legitimacy and transparency,[7][8] that it is too bureaucratic and wasteful,[7][9][10] that it encourages high levels of immigration,[7] or perceptions that it is a neoliberal organisation serving the big business elite at the expense of the working class,[11] that it is responsible for austerity,[7] and drives privatization.[12]
Euroscepticism is found in groups across the political spectrum, both left-wing and right-wing, and is often found in populist parties.[13][7] Although they criticise the EU for many of the same reasons, Eurosceptic left-wing populists focus more on economic issues, such as the Euro area crisis and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,[12][14][15][16] while Eurosceptic right-wing populists focus more on nationalism and immigration, such as the 2015 European migrant crisis.[17] The rise in radical-right parties since the 2000s is strongly linked to a rise in Euroscepticism.[18]
Eurobarometer surveys of EU citizens show that trust in the EU and its institutions declined strongly from 2007 to 2015.[19] In that period, it was consistently below 50%.[20] A 2009 survey showed that support for EU membership was lowest in the United Kingdom (UK), Latvia, and Hungary.[21] By 2016, the countries viewing the EU most unfavourably were the UK, Greece, France, and Spain.[22] The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum resulted in a 51.9% vote in favour of leaving the EU (Brexit), a decision that came into effect on 31 January 2020.
Since 2015, trust in the EU has risen in most EU countries as a result of falling unemployment rates and the end of the migrant crisis.[23] A post-2019 election Eurobarometer survey showed that 68% of citizens support the EU, the highest level since 1983; however, sentiment that things are not going in the right direction in the EU had increased to 50%.[24] Trust in the EU had increased significantly at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with levels varying across member states.[25][26]
In March 2025, support for the European Union reached an all-time high among citizens of EU members states.[27] A Eurobarometer poll conducted in January and February found that 74% of EU citizens believe their country’s membership in the bloc is beneficial, the highest level recorded since the question was first introduced in 1983.[28] The decline in Euroscepticism has been attributed to growing security concerns amid ongoing geopolitical instability, including the continuation of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and renewed transatlantic tensions under Donald Trump, who has been critical of NATO and the European Union.[27][29]
"
"
The main reasons for Euroscepticism include beliefs that:
integration undermines national sovereignty and the nation state;[7][8]
the EU is elitist and lacks democratic legitimacy and transparency;[7][8]
the EU is too bureaucratic and wasteful;[7][9][10]
it encourages high levels of immigration;[7]
it is a neoliberal organisation serving the big business elite at the expense of the working class;[11]
the EU is responsible for austerity;[7]
the EU is responsible for driving privatization.[12]
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https://www.economist.com/the-economist ... ureaucrats
"
u/Wise_Picture_4552 avatar
Wise_Picture_4552
•
2y ago
MEPs dont vote for the EU president thought. Thats the point.
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president.
It is not democratic.
American system based on electoral college votes the president based on the mandate the people voted for (eg. if the election result for a state shows the people voted for Biden then the electoral delegates vote for Biden, they never go rogue and vote for a banker or oil company executive who was never voted for by any citizen)
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u/Bunny_Stats avatar
Bunny_Stats
•
2y ago
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president. It is not democratic.
First, the European Council is formed of delegates picked by the democratically elected governments in each country, and they only get to nominate an EU President, they then require a require a majority of the democratically elected MEPs to vote for them.
In every instance you bring up, when you follow the chain you find a democratically elected person making the decision, so you're talking absolute nonsense with claiming it isn't democratic. If you want to say it'd be a better system if the EU President was directly elected, then sure, that's a valid argument, but this whole "it's not democratic" is categorically bullshit, so I'm done pretending you have anything valid to say.
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1
u/Bunny_Stats avatar
Bunny_Stats
•
2y ago
The EU president gets appointed by the european council (not the european parliament) and the the councilors (EC) which hold executive power, budget control and writes laws gets hired by the EU president. It is not democratic.
First, the European Council is formed of delegates picked by the democratically elected governments in each country, and they only get to nominate an EU President, they then require a require a majority of the democratically elected MEPs to vote for them.
In every instance you bring up, when you follow the chain you find a democratically elected person making the decision, so you're talking absolute nonsense with claiming it isn't democratic. If you want to say it'd be a better system if the EU President was directly elected, then sure, that's a valid argument, but this whole "it's not democratic" is categorically bullshit, so I'm done pretending you have anything valid to say.
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Constant argumentativeness online.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopi ... back-hard/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuky%C5%AB-ha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform
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Initiated by the Guangxu Emperor, it was led by reform-minded scholars, including Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Over a period of roughly 100 days, the Guangxu Emperor enacted a series of imperial edicts with various goals in mind. These mandates aimed to restructure government organization, reform the civil service examination system, modernize the army, promote industrial and education progress, and adopt elements of constitutional governance.[1]
Some of these measures were implemented, such as the establishment of the Imperial University of Peking (now Peking University). However, most faced resistance from conservative factions. While Empress Dowager Cixi[2] supported principles of the reform, she feared that sudden implementation, without bureaucratic support, would be disruptive and that the Japanese and other foreign powers would take advantage of any weakness.[3] Thus, on September 21, 1898, Empress Dowager Cixi with her allies staged a coup d’état, forcing the emperor under house arrest and further executing six of the leading reformers. She later backed the late Qing reforms after the invasions of the Eight-Nation Alliance.
On September 21 (August 6) at dawn, Empress Dowager Cixi took control of state affairs, declared martial law, halted railway traffic, placed the emperor under house arrest in Hanyuan Hall, abolished the reform decrees, and ordered the arrest of reformers. She then issued an edict in the emperor’s name, declaring that the emperor, unable to cope with burdensome government affairs, had requested Cixi to resume the regency.
Imperial Edict, August 6, Guangxu 24 (1898):
The Empire is being beset with grave difficulties, and manifold affairs require diligent attention. I (The Emperor) have labored unceasingly day and night, attending to the myriad duties of state with utmost caution and devotion. Yet, despite my vigilance, I am still often troubled by the excessive burdens.
Recollecting that since the Tongzhi (the former emperor) reign, the Empress Dowager Cixi twice assumed the regency and administered the government, guiding the realm through critical times with perfection and without fault. Considering the supreme importance of the ancestral dynasty, I have repeatedly and earnestly implored the Dowager to resume the direction of affairs. Graciously, She has condescended to accede to my request. This is indeed the great fortune of all subjects nationwide.
From this day forth, state business shall be conducted in the side hall under the Dowager’s direction. On the 8th day of this (lunar) month, I shall lead the princes and ministers to the Qinzheng Hall to perform the prescribed rites. All relevant offices are hereby ordered to prepare reverently and with due propriety. Respect this.
That day, the Commander of the Metropolitan Guards surrounded the South Seas Guildhall to arrest Kang Youwei, but did not find him; instead they captured his brother Kang Guangren and disciples Cheng Dazhang and Qian Weiji. Later they searched the residence of Guangdong official Zhang Yinhuan, arrested him but did not find Kang.
On September 24 (August 9), Imperial Commissioner Gangyi began arresting reformers. Yang Rui and Lin Xu were seized that day, while Liu Guangdi surrendered himself. Yang Shenxiu, after questioning Cixi about deposing the emperor, was arrested at the Wenxi Guildhall.
On September 25 (August 10), Tan Sitong was captured at the Liuyang Guildhall. On the same day, Cixi issued another edict in the emperor’s name claiming that Guangxu was ill, laying the groundwork for both the regency and plans to depose him, while summoning doctors to the palace.
Imperial Edict to the Grand Council:
Since the fourth month of this year, I (The Emperor) have repeatedly suffered indisposition. Despite prolonged treatment, little improvement has been seen. If there are men of proven skill in medicine, whether within or outside the capital, officials are to recommend them sincerely for my treatment. Those residing in the provinces are to be dispatched immediately to the capital, without the slightest delay. Respect this.
This aroused the concern of Britain, Japan, and other powers, who questioned the truth of the emperor’s illness and suspected danger to his life. They demanded access to treat him. Afterwards, a French legation doctor examined Guangxu and publicly concluded that his ailments stemmed from weakness, exposing Cixi’s fabrication.
On September 28 (August 13), the court issued an edict condemning six reform leaders—Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Yang Shenxiu, and Kang Guangren—to immediate execution without trial. They were executed by beheading the same day and became known as the "Six Gentlemen" of the Reform. As ordered, Gangyi supervised the execution.
Imperial Edict, August 13, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Kang Youwei, harboring treacherous designs, has gathered factions and formed unlawful associations. His crimes are most heinous and admit of no pardon. Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi have conspired together, assisting one another in their wickedness; their guilt is manifest and cannot be excused.
Except for Zhang Yinhuan, who is not of Kang’s faction and shall be held in custody awaiting further disposition, and Xu Zhijing, who shall remain under guard pending interrogation, all the aforementioned six—Kang Guangren, Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi—are hereby sentenced to immediate execution. Gangyi is commanded to supervise the execution, and the Metropolitan Commandant Chongli is ordered to deploy sufficient troops to maintain order.
Let this decree be known and obeyed. Respect this.
Earlier that day, court official Yi Gu submitted a memorial urging immediate punishment of the reformers, which scholars believe triggered the execution of the Six Gentlemen.
Memorial by Yi Gu, Assistant Director of the Imperial Academy, August 13, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Since the rebel Kang Youwei and his followers rely on foreign support, the law must act swiftly lest leniency embolden them. It is most urgent that sentence be rendered without delay, thereby upholding the majesty of the law and forestalling foreign interference. Prolonged deliberation would only provide opportunity for external powers to intercede, leaving the law powerless and the state dishonored. I therefore most earnestly implore a prompt and resolute judgment, so that the conspiracy may be extinguished and discipline restored.
On September 29 (August 14), an edict was issued under the emperor’s name explaining the crackdown, alleging that reformers plotted to seize the Summer Palace and kidnap Cixi and the emperor. It justified executing the six without trial to avoid wider implication.
Imperial Edict, August 14, Guangxu 24 (1898):
Recently, the Court has sought diligently to strengthen the state and to pursue reform, all for the preservation of the dynasty and the welfare of the people. Day and night I (The Emperor) have been anxious and vigilant. Unexpectedly, the junior official Kang Youwei has propagated pernicious doctrines, deceiving the populace and gathering a faction of disloyal followers. Under the pretext of reform, they have harbored rebellious intent.
It has even come to pass that these conspirators plotted to surround the Summer Palace and to seize and coerce the Empress Dowager and myself. Fortunately, the plot was uncovered and foiled. Furthermore, they established the so-called “Protect the Nation Society,” declaring loyalty to China but not to the Dynasty, a doctrine most disloyal and outrageous.
Kang Youwei, the principal instigator, is at large. All governors-general and governors are commanded to pursue him with utmost rigor. Liang Qichao, his accomplice, is likewise to be apprehended and punished. His brother Kang Guangren, with Yang Shenxiu, Tan Sitong, Lin Xu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi, conspired in these seditious designs. Their crimes are grave beyond pardon. After full consideration, I decreed yesterday that these six be executed forthwith, lest delay bring untoward consequences and wider implication.
This affair being of extraordinary seriousness, it is necessary to proclaim to the realm. Kang Youwei’s guilt is boundless and he shall not escape retribution. Those who were misled into temporary complicity shall not be pursued further, to manifest my clemency. Henceforth, all officials must take warning from this case, uphold orthodoxy, and assist in overcoming the crisis.
All measures of self-strengthening that benefit the people and the state must not be abandoned. Those already enacted shall be firmly carried out; those not yet begun shall be progressively advanced. Upon this I place my high expectations. Respect this.
The coup ended the "Hundred Days’ Reform" after only 103 days. All new policies were repealed except the founding of Peking University. The immediate cause was linked to the so-called "secret edict" affair attributed to Kang Youwei. With her legitimacy questioned, Cixi soon sought to depose the emperor and install a new heir in the "Ji-hai succession" of 1899.
Among the reformers, Kang Youwei had already fled, Liang Qichao escaped into the Japanese legation, while dozens were arrested. In addition to the Six Gentlemen executed in Beijing, Xu Zhijing was sentenced to life imprisonment (released after the Boxer Rebellion), and Zhang Yinhuan was exiled to Xinjiang, where he was executed in 1900.
Historians note that Cixi had intelligence on the reformers’ plans even while at the Summer Palace. The key informant who betrayed the emperor’s faction was most likely Yang Chongyi, whereas Yuan Shikai merely acted to protect himself, not as the decisive betrayer.
Scholar Yun Yuding in his Records of the Chongling analyzed the coup as follows—
After the loss of Liaodong in the Sino-Japanese War, the emperor, indignant at foreign aggression, sought to reform governance to make the nation strong. Yet senior ministers were cowardly and incompetent. Kang Youwei, having memorialized the throne repeatedly, was known to the emperor. In April 1898, after officials Zhang Baixi and Xu Zhijing recommended him, Kang was summoned and spoke of Japan’s reforms, delighting the emperor. … He promoted reformers Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, and Lin Xu as "the Four Talents," but rumors spread. Censors Yang Chongyi and Pang Hongshu secretly memorialized Prince Qing, requesting Cixi to resume power. On August 4, the emperor visited the palace gates to pay respects, but Cixi had already entered Beijing by a side gate. She seized memorials, confronted the emperor, and declared him unfit. She announced she would govern again due to his illness, reversing all reforms.
The executions of Tan, Yang, Liu, Lin, and Kang Guangren were hastened by censor Huang Guijin, who memorialized that their crimes were evident and needed no trial, allegedly to prevent the emperor’s involvement being exposed. Thereafter officials feared reform like a tiger and avoided it.
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Sheikh_Hasina
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His judgement ruled:[53]
[Hasina's conduct] demonstrates a persistent corruption mindset rooted in entitlement, unchecked power, and a greedy eye for public property. Treating public land as a private asset, she directed her greedy eye toward state resources and manipulated official procedures to benefit herself and her close relatives.
Hasina criticized the interim government of Muhammed Yunus by saying Hindus were allegedly being attacked, as well as criticizing alleged judicial impartiality. She issued a statement that read:[71] "They are biased and politically motivated. In their distasteful call for the death penalty, they reveal the brazen and murderous intent of extremist figures within the interim government to remove Bangladesh's last elected prime minister, and to nullify the Awami League as a political force." Her Awami League called for a countrywide shutdown that day.[72]
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) leader Salahuddin Ahmed spoke from DU and said that the punishment was "less than the gravity of the crimes" and that the "judgment proves that no matter how powerful a fascist or autocrat becomes, they will one day have to stand in the dock," while calling for other related cases to also result in such judgments."[5]
"
She is a Hindutva plant.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/3 ... ional-vote
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crybully
Added in 10 hours 18 minutes 14 seconds:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnite_Wars
The winners are almost always glorified but are also usually not preferable, from my assessment at least.
I almost always, if not always, associate myself and link much more to the groups that supposedly end up facing against the ones which seem to get the most press.
Added in 7 minutes 25 seconds:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ ... us.tif.jpg
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
The comments talk about other places too, lots of counterfeit scamming, off-limits compounds like bases, taking over areas all over the world, harassing locals wherever they go, laying claim to territories out of the blue.
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
People who do terrible things are terrible people who do terrible things elsewhere too, no child-murdering, r*pist, marauding, thief, with a golden heart.
In the U.S.A., the so-called American "left" are trying to install multiple ex-soldiers who participated in heinous war crimes to govern the people. People who do horrific things that none of us do or pursued doing or would ever pursue doinb, are bad people who can never be trusted, serial killers are serial killers, and serial killing is not suddenly different when it is some organization or government cheering you on at it, it is the same harmful evilness and cruelty, but the way people are thinking, if they are really actually people and not just comment bots and agents, is that the horrible things people do are fine and that these people should not be bothered for it but should mingle with non-murderers and be given resources to allocate and be trusted to govern people and be just, when they spent years of their lives decidedly and specifically being unjust and monstrous.
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
They basically seem to stop reporting anything or putting out content on numerous places on Friday, Saturday, Subday, the days people have off from work in many places with big populations, where the English language nees targets, and it is like the world suddenly stops turning for 3 days, and even whatever happens on those 3 days seems to be skipped over in preference for whatever is the latest news once they have resumed, so that would automatically prioritize things on the days that they are reporting so that it can be the "latest" news available. This skews the entire interaction with information and makes it seem like nothing is happening until the news says it is, on the weekdays, according to their schedule, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday be damned!
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
Removed
Last edited by kFoyauextlH on Fri Mar 20, 2026 10:09 am, edited 1 time in total.
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
https://i.postimg.cc/hPV0bMV1/1000146584.png
They are angry about police being rude pieces of trash.
I watched the video, the moment occurs in the 10th minute, and the people lied and exaggerated and the police officer wasn't even rude.
Yet there was so much consensus seemingly about something which didn't even happen the way people were presenting that it did.
- kFoyauextlH
- Posts: 1983
- Joined: Sun Jun 15, 2025 3:53 pm
Re: Might makes right
Removed
This is about petty and disgusting hubris, misogyny, chauvinism, common to a certain culture fantasizing about dominance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-abasement
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.117 ... 9241302734
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_humiliation
https://neurosciencenews.com/psychopath ... arm-18431/
Removed
This is just a tiny fragment of the basically institutionalized and fully condoned and furthermore encouraged s*xual humiliation as part of a program of overall debasement which is making an effort to become the widespread norm everywhere.
These sorts of horrific fantasies are featured even in the Bible, so it is deeply baked into the culture, even if people think they are atheists or whatever, and this is largely unlike very many other cultures. It seems like it developed in the Caucus mountains, and existed among Kurds, and still does, and other Caucus cultures, and seems to be a very ancient tendency towards attacking and insulting and terrorizing women, even in the cultural myths from the region and people from there culturally and ancestrally.
Removed
Also, weirdly, they are all accused of worshipping Satan for a very long time, out of all the people in the world, the accusation is most direct and specific between all these closely related groups that also happen to be very misogynistic. Even the Satan story is an attack on and humiliation of a female figure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanaya
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0 ... 1%82%D0%B0
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Sela took advantage of this, desecrating the girl's corpse. The dead girl gave birth to a girl at that very hour. Solsa, awakening, grabbed a bow and wounded Sela in the stomach. The Ingush say that intestines crawl out of this wound, their rumbling produces thunder. Solsa brought the girl home, and the Orstkhoy people decided to name her Sela Sata [ 7 ] .
"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0 ... %BE%D0%B3)
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The most revered god in the pagan religion of the Ingush and Chechens . A stern but just god, on whom depends the fate and well-being of the people. The Chechens called him "the golden force." He is physically vulnerable to the Nart-Orstkhoi, who oppose his will and inflict injuries. He dwells at the summit of Mount Tsai-lam. Sela chained the Nart Pkhyarmat to the mountain for stealing fire for the people [ 3 ] .
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https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1 ... 0%BA%D0%B8
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Furki , also Dartsnana [ 1 ] , Dardza-nanilg [ 2 ] , Dardza-nanilg , Dardzy-nana [ 3 ] (from Ing. and Chechen - "mother of blizzards"), is the goddess of snow and blizzards in Vainakh mythology . Wife of the god Sela . She commands blizzards and snowfalls from Mount Beshlam-Kort ( Kazbek ).
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Mother Furka.
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Sela is the father of Sela-Sata and seven (eight) sons from the goddess Furka (Darza-nana) [ 4 ] [ 3 ] .
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https://www.scitepress.org/publishedPap ... index.html
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186004
Removed
They seem to be desecrating the body of Mother Earth, as is the nature of their "most revered" corpse f*cking deity, though that seems to be about the dead being revived through water, though it shows up here too:
See, it is about water, and reviving the dead or deadened ritually impure body after it has done a natural function of menstruation.
https://www.reddit.com/r/exjew/s/7QziFaLFOl
Here is another baptism obsessed group with misogynistic myths:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruha
They likely originate from an ultimately related people, so carry similar stories and traditions.
https://www.guernicamag.com/special/dirt/
As controversial as it may sound, this cultural trend may originate from a genetic mutation originating in the area and spreading along with the people, all of which tend to also be very co-sanguinous and have strict hierarchical and caste rules about breeding, which may have further exaggerated certain traits. The J, Mandaeans, Yezidi, and many other closely related groups have rules like this and others who became involved with these people may have had similar rules or adopted them over time due to cultural pressure.
Much of the extreme misogyny seen online today is stemming from conscious programs that link back to some of these groups as funders or agents spreading it, and the Caucus originating trait seems to have made it into Eastern Europe and places like Serbia and Ukraine and many other Eastern European places like Poland and Czechoslovakia where there is fetishization of humiliation of women very commonly which is not very much of interest to other people in other regions or the nuances differ.
There is a frequent obsession with bodily fluids, particularly urine, but also saliva, and all kinds of wetness, which, if it is secretly a virus symbiotically influencing these things, those might be ways in which it can be transmitted, and it may not really be detected, it could even be something else, like a bacteria, but DNA and RNA is carried through bodily fluids.
The water obsession connects back to this entity particularly focused on bodily fluids, water, humiliation, and keeping people closely genetically related through strict rules, shaming, coercion, and other social and even physical pressures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw%C3%BBs%C3%AE_Melek
https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10766.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainakh_religion
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Seela or Sela – God of stars, thunder and lightning.[5] Sela is often portrayed in Vainakh myth as an evil and cruel god. His skein (a loose bag made of animal skin) held the "night" (stars, lightning and thunder). He lives on the top of Mount Kazbek with his fiery chariot. It was he who chained Pkharmat to a mountain for stealing fire, and for this reason, on the Wednesday of his month in the old Vainakh calendar, it was forbidden to carry embers or ashes. During the era of Christianization in Chechnya and Ingushetia, he was (like the Ossetian Watsilla and the Russian Ilya-Muromyets) identified with the prophet Elijah, thus keeping his status. He is also, like the Greek Zeus, unable to control his desires for human women (much to the dismay of his wife, Furki), and one episode with a mortal maiden resulted in the birth of a daughter goddess, Sela Sata.[7]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kazbek
https://biblehub.com/isaiah/66-15.htm
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For, behold, the LORD will come with fire, and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire.
"
"
Jeremiah 25:31-33
The tumult will resound to the ends of the earth because the LORD brings a charge against the nations. He brings judgment on all mankind and puts the wicked to the sword,’” declares the LORD. / This is what the LORD of Hosts says: “Behold! Disaster is spreading from nation to nation; a mighty storm is rising from the ends of the earth.” / Those slain by the LORD on that day will be spread from one end of the earth to the other. They will not be mourned, gathered, or buried. They will be like dung lying on the ground.
Joel 2:3-11
Before them a fire devours, and behind them a flame scorches. The land before them is like the Garden of Eden, but behind them, it is like a desert wasteland—surely nothing will escape them. / Their appearance is like that of horses, and they gallop like swift steeds. / With a sound like that of chariots they bound over the mountaintops, like the crackling of fire consuming stubble, like a mighty army deployed for battle.
Jeremiah 4:13
Behold, he advances like the clouds, his chariots like the whirlwind. His horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us, for we are ruined!
Daniel 11:40
And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over.
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The North was typically associated with evil, and that is also why Furkas is associated with Blizzards.
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The etymology of his name may be derived from the Latin word furca, meaning fork,[6] or from Greco-Roman also meaning a sepulchre (tomb).[7]
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https://web.archive.org/web/20051220145 ... /0569.html
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FURCA.
£62
A sepulchre, or any place in which a person was buried, was religiosus; all things which were left or belonged to the Dii Manes were religiosae ; those consecrated to the Dii Superi were called Sacrae. (Gains, ii. 46.) Even the place in which a slave was buried was considered religiosus. (Dig. 11. tit. 7. s. 2.) Whoever violated a sepulchre was subject to an action termed septil-Cri violati actio. (Dig. 47. tit 12 ; compare Cid Tilsc. i. 12, de Leg. ii. 22.) Those who removed the bodies or bones from the sepulchre were punished by death or deportatio in insulam,, according to their rank ; if the sepulchre was violated in any other way, they were punished by deportatio, or condemnation to the mines. (Dig. 47. tit. 12. s. 11.) The title in the Digest (11. tit. 7), " De Religiosis et Sumtibns Funerum," &c., also contains much curious information on the subject, and is well worth perusal.
After the bones had been placed in the urn at the funeral, the friends returned home. They then underwent a further purification called suffitio, which consisted in being sprinkled with water and stepping over a fire. (Festus, s. v. Aqua et igni.} The house itself was also swept with a certain kind of broom ; which sweeping or purification was called exverrae, and the person who did it everria-tor. (Festus, s. v.) The Denicales Feriae were also days set apart for the purification of the family. (Festus, s. v. ; Cic. de Leg. ii. 22.) The mourning and solemnities connected with the dead lasted for nine days after the funeral,, at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed,, called N'oben-diale. (Porphyr. ad Horat. Epod. xvii. 4&)
A feast was given in honour of the dead, but it is uncertain on what day ; it sometimes appears to have been given at the time of the funeral, sometimes on the Novendiale, and sometimes later. The name of Silicernium was given to this feast (Festus, s. ?;.) ; of which the etymology is unknown. Among the tombs at Pompeii there is a funeral triclinium for the celebration of these feasts, which is represented in the annexed woodcut. (Mazois, Pomp, i. pi. xx.) It is open to the sky, and the walls are ornamented bjr paintings of animals in the centre of compartments^ which have borders of flowers. The triclinium is made of stone, with a pedestal in the centre to receive the table.
After the funeral of great men, there was, in addition to the feast for the friends of the deceased, a distribution of raw meat to the people, called Visceratio (Liv. viii. 22), and sometimes a public banquet. (Suet. Jul. 26.) Combats of gladiators and other games were also frequently exhibited in
honour of the deceased. Thus at the funeral of P. Licinius Crassus, who had been Pontifex Maxi-mus, raw meat was distributed to the people, a hundred and twenty gladiators fought, and funeral games were celebrated for three days ; at the end of which a public banquet was given in the forum. (Liv. xxxix. 46.) Public feasts and funeral games were sometimes given on the anniversary of funerals. Faustus, the son of. Sulla, exhibited in honour of his father a show of gladiators several 3rears after his death, and gave a feast to the people,, according to his father's testament. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 51 ; Cic. pro Suit. 19.) At all banquets in honour of the dead, the guests were dressed in white. (Cic. c. Vatin. 13.)
The Romans, like the Greeks, were accustomed to visit the tombs of their relatives at certain periods, and to offer to them sacrifices and various gifts, which were called Inferiae and Parentalia. The Romans appear to have regarded the Manes or departed souls of their ancestors as gods ; whence arose the practice of presenting to them oblations, which consisted of victims, wine, milk, garlands of flowers, and other things. (Virg. Aen. v. 77, ix. 215, x, 519 ; Tacit, Hist, ii. 9-5 ; Suet. Cat. 15; Ner. 57 ; Cic. Phil. i. 6.) The tombs were sometimes illuminated on these occasions with lamps. (Dig. 40. tit. 4. s. 44.) In the latter end of the month of February there was a festival, called Feralia, in which the Romans were accustomed to carry food to the sepulchres for the use of the dead. (Festus, s. v. ; V&rro, de Ling. Led. vi. 13 ; Ovid, Fast. ii. 535—570 ; Cic. ad Ait. viii-. 14.)
The Romans, like ourselves, were accustomed to wear mourning for their deceased friends, which appears to have been black or dark-blue (atra) under the republic for both sexes. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. xi, 287v) Under the empire the men continued to wear black in mourning (JuV. x. 245), but the women wore white. (Herodian. iv. 2.) They laid aside all kinds of ornaments (Herodian. 1. c.; Terent. Heaut. ii. 3. 47), and did not cut either their hair or beard. (Suet. Jul. 67, Aug. 23, Cal. 24.) Men appear to have usually Worn their mourning for only & few days (Dion Cags. Ivi. 43), but women for a year when they lost a, husband or parent. (Ovid, Fast-, iii. 1B4 ; SeneCi Epist. 63, Consol. ad Helv. 16.)
In a public mourning on account of some signal calamity,, as for instance the loss of a battle or the death of an emperor, there was a total cessation from business, called Justititim. [JtrSTiTiUM.] In a public mourning the senators did not wear the latus clavus and their rings (Liv. ix. 7), nor the magistrates their badges of office. (Tacit. Ann. iii. 4.)
(Meursius. de Funare ; Stackelberg, Die Grfiber der Hellenen, Berlin, 1837 ; Kirchmann, de Funeri-bus Roinanis; Becker, Charihles, vol. ii. pp. 166— 210. Gallus, vol.ii. pp. 271—301.)
FURCA, which properly means a fork, was also
"
"
Etymology of the name
edit
Variants of two names of this goddess - Furka and Darza-nanilg - are given by Ingush researchers A. U. Malsagov and A. Kh. Tankiev in their articles on Chechen-Ingush mythology, published in 1980 in the two-volume work " Myths of the Peoples of the World " [ 4 ] , and also in 1990 in the " Mythological Dictionary " [ ~ 1 ] [ 5 ] . In some other sources her name is pronounced as Darza-nana . In the Ingush language , darza means "blizzard", and nana means "mother". In a more precise translation, the Ingush word darz has two meanings: 1. "Drizzle", "rain (with snow)", "light rain"; 2. "Snowstorm", "blizzard" (hence the adjective darza - "blizzardy") [ 6 ] . Chechen folklore also records the name of a similar goddess— Dertsnana, Mother of the Snowstorm— who was part of the pantheon alongside other deities of nature and the elements. Her name is mentioned among the female deities associated with cold, winter, and the harvest [ 7 ] .
Mythology
edit
In legends, she lives with Sela on the snowy peak of Mount Beshlam-Kort (Kazbek), from where she commands blizzards and snowfalls. On the mountain's snow cone, she has drawn a magic circle through which no mortal dares to pass, for fear of being thrown from the cliff by the goddess. According to some beliefs, it is on the summit of Beshlam-Kort that, by order of the god Sela, Furki guards the Nart Kuryuko/ Pkhyarmata, who is chained in iron [ 8 ] [ 9 ] .
Furki has seven sons from the god Sela , whom their father, in exchange for helping the hero Kuryuko (Pkhyarmat), suspended in the sky, where they form the constellation Ursa Major (among the Ingush, Ursa Major is the "Seven Sons of Sela"). Before ascending to the sky and leaving their mother forever, they provided Furki with an everlasting fire—three logs always burn in her hearth—as well as unfading food—renewable bread and a leg of lamb [ ~ 2 ] [ 10 ] .
Eight sons
edit
Darza-Nanalg lived on the summit of Mount Kazbek. She had eight sons. For some reason, one of them went to heaven. The remaining seven brothers went in search of him. They sat down, drank molten copper, and ascended from the summit of Mount Kazbek to heaven. When her sons left, Darza-Nanalg threw her trousers onto the summit. If you look at the summit of Mount Kazbek now, you can see the spot where she threw her trousers—there is never snow or ice there. The seven brothers walk across the sky in search of their eighth brother. If they find him, great changes will occur in the universe [ 11 ] .
Cult
edit
To appease her, the pagan Ingush built a special altar— a daba —in the Devdoraki Gorge . They offered aurochs and goat horns as sacrifices, forming a pile on a stone platform. On a designated day in the summer, a festival was held in honor of the goddess, with sacrifices, singing, and dancing [ 12 ] .
It is unknown on what month and day the summer festival was held, or for what purpose, but based on recorded legends, it can be assumed that the goddess was revered not only as a winter deity; if she displeased people, she could also cause harm in the spring and summer. For example, according to the legend "How Yelta Became One-Eyed ," the god Dala commands Furki to raise a storm and destroy the people's crops. This legend reflects the ancient Vainakh people's attitude toward the element of wind. The abundance of winds in the gorges of the North Caucasus, blowing in spring and summer and destroying crops in the fields, contributed to the emergence in the people's imagination of a goddess controlling the elements, and even more than one. Along with Furka, the Ingush revered the goddess of the winds, Mikha-nana , to whom they dedicated every Monday ( orshot ) during field work , and on this day it was forbidden to work, so as not to incur her wrath [ 12 ] .
"
Remember, Sela was said to have had intercourse with a corpse/tomb, and Furca was the old Roman word for a tomb.
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Father - Sela , mother - a dead girl. From legends it is known that the Orstkhoy people had a very beautiful girl whom no one married, and whom the thunderer Sela wanted to get his hands on. He was afraid of Solsa and was unable to carry out his plan. Before her death, the girl ordered a three-night guard to keep her grave from being desecrated by Sela. Solsa guarded for two days in a row, but on the third day, just before dawn, he dozed off, and Sela took advantage of this, desecrating the girl's corpse. The dead girl gave birth to a girl at that very hour. Solsa, awakening, grabbed a bow and wounded Sela in the stomach. The Ingush say that intestines crawl out of this wound, their rumbling produces thunder. Solsa brought the girl home, and the Orstkhoy people decided to name her Sela Sata [ 7 ] .
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia
This is about petty and disgusting hubris, misogyny, chauvinism, common to a certain culture fantasizing about dominance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-abasement
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.117 ... 9241302734
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_humiliation
https://neurosciencenews.com/psychopath ... arm-18431/
Removed
This is just a tiny fragment of the basically institutionalized and fully condoned and furthermore encouraged s*xual humiliation as part of a program of overall debasement which is making an effort to become the widespread norm everywhere.
These sorts of horrific fantasies are featured even in the Bible, so it is deeply baked into the culture, even if people think they are atheists or whatever, and this is largely unlike very many other cultures. It seems like it developed in the Caucus mountains, and existed among Kurds, and still does, and other Caucus cultures, and seems to be a very ancient tendency towards attacking and insulting and terrorizing women, even in the cultural myths from the region and people from there culturally and ancestrally.
Removed
Also, weirdly, they are all accused of worshipping Satan for a very long time, out of all the people in the world, the accusation is most direct and specific between all these closely related groups that also happen to be very misogynistic. Even the Satan story is an attack on and humiliation of a female figure.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanaya
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0 ... 1%82%D0%B0
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Sela took advantage of this, desecrating the girl's corpse. The dead girl gave birth to a girl at that very hour. Solsa, awakening, grabbed a bow and wounded Sela in the stomach. The Ingush say that intestines crawl out of this wound, their rumbling produces thunder. Solsa brought the girl home, and the Orstkhoy people decided to name her Sela Sata [ 7 ] .
"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0 ... %BE%D0%B3)
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The most revered god in the pagan religion of the Ingush and Chechens . A stern but just god, on whom depends the fate and well-being of the people. The Chechens called him "the golden force." He is physically vulnerable to the Nart-Orstkhoi, who oppose his will and inflict injuries. He dwells at the summit of Mount Tsai-lam. Sela chained the Nart Pkhyarmat to the mountain for stealing fire for the people [ 3 ] .
"
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1 ... 0%BA%D0%B8
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Furki , also Dartsnana [ 1 ] , Dardza-nanilg [ 2 ] , Dardza-nanilg , Dardzy-nana [ 3 ] (from Ing. and Chechen - "mother of blizzards"), is the goddess of snow and blizzards in Vainakh mythology . Wife of the god Sela . She commands blizzards and snowfalls from Mount Beshlam-Kort ( Kazbek ).
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Mother Furka.
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Sela is the father of Sela-Sata and seven (eight) sons from the goddess Furka (Darza-nana) [ 4 ] [ 3 ] .
"
https://www.scitepress.org/publishedPap ... index.html
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186004
Removed
They seem to be desecrating the body of Mother Earth, as is the nature of their "most revered" corpse f*cking deity, though that seems to be about the dead being revived through water, though it shows up here too:
See, it is about water, and reviving the dead or deadened ritually impure body after it has done a natural function of menstruation.
https://www.reddit.com/r/exjew/s/7QziFaLFOl
Here is another baptism obsessed group with misogynistic myths:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruha
They likely originate from an ultimately related people, so carry similar stories and traditions.
https://www.guernicamag.com/special/dirt/
As controversial as it may sound, this cultural trend may originate from a genetic mutation originating in the area and spreading along with the people, all of which tend to also be very co-sanguinous and have strict hierarchical and caste rules about breeding, which may have further exaggerated certain traits. The J, Mandaeans, Yezidi, and many other closely related groups have rules like this and others who became involved with these people may have had similar rules or adopted them over time due to cultural pressure.
Much of the extreme misogyny seen online today is stemming from conscious programs that link back to some of these groups as funders or agents spreading it, and the Caucus originating trait seems to have made it into Eastern Europe and places like Serbia and Ukraine and many other Eastern European places like Poland and Czechoslovakia where there is fetishization of humiliation of women very commonly which is not very much of interest to other people in other regions or the nuances differ.
There is a frequent obsession with bodily fluids, particularly urine, but also saliva, and all kinds of wetness, which, if it is secretly a virus symbiotically influencing these things, those might be ways in which it can be transmitted, and it may not really be detected, it could even be something else, like a bacteria, but DNA and RNA is carried through bodily fluids.
The water obsession connects back to this entity particularly focused on bodily fluids, water, humiliation, and keeping people closely genetically related through strict rules, shaming, coercion, and other social and even physical pressures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw%C3%BBs%C3%AE_Melek
https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10766.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainakh_religion
"
Seela or Sela – God of stars, thunder and lightning.[5] Sela is often portrayed in Vainakh myth as an evil and cruel god. His skein (a loose bag made of animal skin) held the "night" (stars, lightning and thunder). He lives on the top of Mount Kazbek with his fiery chariot. It was he who chained Pkharmat to a mountain for stealing fire, and for this reason, on the Wednesday of his month in the old Vainakh calendar, it was forbidden to carry embers or ashes. During the era of Christianization in Chechnya and Ingushetia, he was (like the Ossetian Watsilla and the Russian Ilya-Muromyets) identified with the prophet Elijah, thus keeping his status. He is also, like the Greek Zeus, unable to control his desires for human women (much to the dismay of his wife, Furki), and one episode with a mortal maiden resulted in the birth of a daughter goddess, Sela Sata.[7]
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kazbek
https://biblehub.com/isaiah/66-15.htm
"
For, behold, the LORD will come with fire, and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render his anger with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire.
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"
Jeremiah 25:31-33
The tumult will resound to the ends of the earth because the LORD brings a charge against the nations. He brings judgment on all mankind and puts the wicked to the sword,’” declares the LORD. / This is what the LORD of Hosts says: “Behold! Disaster is spreading from nation to nation; a mighty storm is rising from the ends of the earth.” / Those slain by the LORD on that day will be spread from one end of the earth to the other. They will not be mourned, gathered, or buried. They will be like dung lying on the ground.
Joel 2:3-11
Before them a fire devours, and behind them a flame scorches. The land before them is like the Garden of Eden, but behind them, it is like a desert wasteland—surely nothing will escape them. / Their appearance is like that of horses, and they gallop like swift steeds. / With a sound like that of chariots they bound over the mountaintops, like the crackling of fire consuming stubble, like a mighty army deployed for battle.
Jeremiah 4:13
Behold, he advances like the clouds, his chariots like the whirlwind. His horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us, for we are ruined!
Daniel 11:40
And at the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass over.
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The North was typically associated with evil, and that is also why Furkas is associated with Blizzards.
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The etymology of his name may be derived from the Latin word furca, meaning fork,[6] or from Greco-Roman also meaning a sepulchre (tomb).[7]
"
https://web.archive.org/web/20051220145 ... /0569.html
"
FURCA.
£62
A sepulchre, or any place in which a person was buried, was religiosus; all things which were left or belonged to the Dii Manes were religiosae ; those consecrated to the Dii Superi were called Sacrae. (Gains, ii. 46.) Even the place in which a slave was buried was considered religiosus. (Dig. 11. tit. 7. s. 2.) Whoever violated a sepulchre was subject to an action termed septil-Cri violati actio. (Dig. 47. tit 12 ; compare Cid Tilsc. i. 12, de Leg. ii. 22.) Those who removed the bodies or bones from the sepulchre were punished by death or deportatio in insulam,, according to their rank ; if the sepulchre was violated in any other way, they were punished by deportatio, or condemnation to the mines. (Dig. 47. tit. 12. s. 11.) The title in the Digest (11. tit. 7), " De Religiosis et Sumtibns Funerum," &c., also contains much curious information on the subject, and is well worth perusal.
After the bones had been placed in the urn at the funeral, the friends returned home. They then underwent a further purification called suffitio, which consisted in being sprinkled with water and stepping over a fire. (Festus, s. v. Aqua et igni.} The house itself was also swept with a certain kind of broom ; which sweeping or purification was called exverrae, and the person who did it everria-tor. (Festus, s. v.) The Denicales Feriae were also days set apart for the purification of the family. (Festus, s. v. ; Cic. de Leg. ii. 22.) The mourning and solemnities connected with the dead lasted for nine days after the funeral,, at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed,, called N'oben-diale. (Porphyr. ad Horat. Epod. xvii. 4&)
A feast was given in honour of the dead, but it is uncertain on what day ; it sometimes appears to have been given at the time of the funeral, sometimes on the Novendiale, and sometimes later. The name of Silicernium was given to this feast (Festus, s. ?;.) ; of which the etymology is unknown. Among the tombs at Pompeii there is a funeral triclinium for the celebration of these feasts, which is represented in the annexed woodcut. (Mazois, Pomp, i. pi. xx.) It is open to the sky, and the walls are ornamented bjr paintings of animals in the centre of compartments^ which have borders of flowers. The triclinium is made of stone, with a pedestal in the centre to receive the table.
After the funeral of great men, there was, in addition to the feast for the friends of the deceased, a distribution of raw meat to the people, called Visceratio (Liv. viii. 22), and sometimes a public banquet. (Suet. Jul. 26.) Combats of gladiators and other games were also frequently exhibited in
honour of the deceased. Thus at the funeral of P. Licinius Crassus, who had been Pontifex Maxi-mus, raw meat was distributed to the people, a hundred and twenty gladiators fought, and funeral games were celebrated for three days ; at the end of which a public banquet was given in the forum. (Liv. xxxix. 46.) Public feasts and funeral games were sometimes given on the anniversary of funerals. Faustus, the son of. Sulla, exhibited in honour of his father a show of gladiators several 3rears after his death, and gave a feast to the people,, according to his father's testament. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 51 ; Cic. pro Suit. 19.) At all banquets in honour of the dead, the guests were dressed in white. (Cic. c. Vatin. 13.)
The Romans, like the Greeks, were accustomed to visit the tombs of their relatives at certain periods, and to offer to them sacrifices and various gifts, which were called Inferiae and Parentalia. The Romans appear to have regarded the Manes or departed souls of their ancestors as gods ; whence arose the practice of presenting to them oblations, which consisted of victims, wine, milk, garlands of flowers, and other things. (Virg. Aen. v. 77, ix. 215, x, 519 ; Tacit, Hist, ii. 9-5 ; Suet. Cat. 15; Ner. 57 ; Cic. Phil. i. 6.) The tombs were sometimes illuminated on these occasions with lamps. (Dig. 40. tit. 4. s. 44.) In the latter end of the month of February there was a festival, called Feralia, in which the Romans were accustomed to carry food to the sepulchres for the use of the dead. (Festus, s. v. ; V&rro, de Ling. Led. vi. 13 ; Ovid, Fast. ii. 535—570 ; Cic. ad Ait. viii-. 14.)
The Romans, like ourselves, were accustomed to wear mourning for their deceased friends, which appears to have been black or dark-blue (atra) under the republic for both sexes. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. xi, 287v) Under the empire the men continued to wear black in mourning (JuV. x. 245), but the women wore white. (Herodian. iv. 2.) They laid aside all kinds of ornaments (Herodian. 1. c.; Terent. Heaut. ii. 3. 47), and did not cut either their hair or beard. (Suet. Jul. 67, Aug. 23, Cal. 24.) Men appear to have usually Worn their mourning for only & few days (Dion Cags. Ivi. 43), but women for a year when they lost a, husband or parent. (Ovid, Fast-, iii. 1B4 ; SeneCi Epist. 63, Consol. ad Helv. 16.)
In a public mourning on account of some signal calamity,, as for instance the loss of a battle or the death of an emperor, there was a total cessation from business, called Justititim. [JtrSTiTiUM.] In a public mourning the senators did not wear the latus clavus and their rings (Liv. ix. 7), nor the magistrates their badges of office. (Tacit. Ann. iii. 4.)
(Meursius. de Funare ; Stackelberg, Die Grfiber der Hellenen, Berlin, 1837 ; Kirchmann, de Funeri-bus Roinanis; Becker, Charihles, vol. ii. pp. 166— 210. Gallus, vol.ii. pp. 271—301.)
FURCA, which properly means a fork, was also
"
"
Etymology of the name
edit
Variants of two names of this goddess - Furka and Darza-nanilg - are given by Ingush researchers A. U. Malsagov and A. Kh. Tankiev in their articles on Chechen-Ingush mythology, published in 1980 in the two-volume work " Myths of the Peoples of the World " [ 4 ] , and also in 1990 in the " Mythological Dictionary " [ ~ 1 ] [ 5 ] . In some other sources her name is pronounced as Darza-nana . In the Ingush language , darza means "blizzard", and nana means "mother". In a more precise translation, the Ingush word darz has two meanings: 1. "Drizzle", "rain (with snow)", "light rain"; 2. "Snowstorm", "blizzard" (hence the adjective darza - "blizzardy") [ 6 ] . Chechen folklore also records the name of a similar goddess— Dertsnana, Mother of the Snowstorm— who was part of the pantheon alongside other deities of nature and the elements. Her name is mentioned among the female deities associated with cold, winter, and the harvest [ 7 ] .
Mythology
edit
In legends, she lives with Sela on the snowy peak of Mount Beshlam-Kort (Kazbek), from where she commands blizzards and snowfalls. On the mountain's snow cone, she has drawn a magic circle through which no mortal dares to pass, for fear of being thrown from the cliff by the goddess. According to some beliefs, it is on the summit of Beshlam-Kort that, by order of the god Sela, Furki guards the Nart Kuryuko/ Pkhyarmata, who is chained in iron [ 8 ] [ 9 ] .
Furki has seven sons from the god Sela , whom their father, in exchange for helping the hero Kuryuko (Pkhyarmat), suspended in the sky, where they form the constellation Ursa Major (among the Ingush, Ursa Major is the "Seven Sons of Sela"). Before ascending to the sky and leaving their mother forever, they provided Furki with an everlasting fire—three logs always burn in her hearth—as well as unfading food—renewable bread and a leg of lamb [ ~ 2 ] [ 10 ] .
Eight sons
edit
Darza-Nanalg lived on the summit of Mount Kazbek. She had eight sons. For some reason, one of them went to heaven. The remaining seven brothers went in search of him. They sat down, drank molten copper, and ascended from the summit of Mount Kazbek to heaven. When her sons left, Darza-Nanalg threw her trousers onto the summit. If you look at the summit of Mount Kazbek now, you can see the spot where she threw her trousers—there is never snow or ice there. The seven brothers walk across the sky in search of their eighth brother. If they find him, great changes will occur in the universe [ 11 ] .
Cult
edit
To appease her, the pagan Ingush built a special altar— a daba —in the Devdoraki Gorge . They offered aurochs and goat horns as sacrifices, forming a pile on a stone platform. On a designated day in the summer, a festival was held in honor of the goddess, with sacrifices, singing, and dancing [ 12 ] .
It is unknown on what month and day the summer festival was held, or for what purpose, but based on recorded legends, it can be assumed that the goddess was revered not only as a winter deity; if she displeased people, she could also cause harm in the spring and summer. For example, according to the legend "How Yelta Became One-Eyed ," the god Dala commands Furki to raise a storm and destroy the people's crops. This legend reflects the ancient Vainakh people's attitude toward the element of wind. The abundance of winds in the gorges of the North Caucasus, blowing in spring and summer and destroying crops in the fields, contributed to the emergence in the people's imagination of a goddess controlling the elements, and even more than one. Along with Furka, the Ingush revered the goddess of the winds, Mikha-nana , to whom they dedicated every Monday ( orshot ) during field work , and on this day it was forbidden to work, so as not to incur her wrath [ 12 ] .
"
Remember, Sela was said to have had intercourse with a corpse/tomb, and Furca was the old Roman word for a tomb.
"
Father - Sela , mother - a dead girl. From legends it is known that the Orstkhoy people had a very beautiful girl whom no one married, and whom the thunderer Sela wanted to get his hands on. He was afraid of Solsa and was unable to carry out his plan. Before her death, the girl ordered a three-night guard to keep her grave from being desecrated by Sela. Solsa guarded for two days in a row, but on the third day, just before dawn, he dozed off, and Sela took advantage of this, desecrating the girl's corpse. The dead girl gave birth to a girl at that very hour. Solsa, awakening, grabbed a bow and wounded Sela in the stomach. The Ingush say that intestines crawl out of this wound, their rumbling produces thunder. Solsa brought the girl home, and the Orstkhoy people decided to name her Sela Sata [ 7 ] .
"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia
Last edited by kFoyauextlH on Fri Mar 20, 2026 10:16 am, edited 2 times in total.
